In Estonia, the current state of electricity consumption over the past year from August 2024 to July 2025 shows an interesting distribution between low-carbon and fossil-based sources. Low-carbon or clean electricity sources like wind and solar are playing a significant role, with almost half (47%) of total electricity derived from these sustainable options. Wind energy makes up more than a fifth of this mix, while solar contributes almost 17%. In addition to these, biofuels add another layer, accounting for nearly 9% of consumption. On the other hand, fossil-based electricity comprises nearly a third, indicating a significant reliance on less sustainable energy sources. Notably, oil accounts for around 24%, and coal represents just over 7% of Estonia’s electricity mix. Net imports also play a role, making up about 21% of electricity consumption.
Is Electricity Growing in Estonia?
Regarding the growth of electricity in Estonia, it seems that consumption has decreased from the country's historic peak. The latest figures show a total electricity consumption of 4647 kWh per person in 2025, which is considerably lower than the record high of 11690 kWh per person that was noted in 1986. This indicates a steep drop of over 7000 kWh per person. Furthermore, the generation of low-carbon electricity has recently declined, with current levels at 2203 kWh per person, a decrease from the previous high of 2508 kWh per person reached in 2024. This situation calls for concern, especially considering the pressing need for more electricity to support electrification and energy security.
Suggestions
To address this challenge, Estonia should focus on expanding its low-carbon electricity generation. With wind and solar already contributing significantly to the national grid, enhancing these sectors can lead to substantial growth in clean electricity. Estonia could learn from successful countries like Denmark and South Dakota, where wind energy comprises 57% and 60%, respectively, of their electricity mix. Additionally, adopting nuclear power could be a transformative step for Estonia. Countries such as France, Slovakia, and even neighboring countries like Finland have leveraged nuclear energy extensively, showcasing its potential to provide abundant and reliable clean electricity. By adopting a balanced approach that includes both nuclear and solar alongside wind, Estonia can set a path toward a more sustainable and self-sufficient electricity future.
History
The history of low-carbon electricity in Estonia shows fluctuating dynamics, reflecting both growth and challenges over the years. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, biofuels saw a series of increases, notably in 2009 and 2010, which marked a significant phase of growth. Nevertheless, there were setbacks, such as a decline in 2013. The mid-2010s experienced a stabilization period, with minor increases in wind and biofuels around 2017 and 2018. A notable upsurge in diverse low-carbon sources began in 2020 with significant contributions from solar and wind, correlating to a modest recovery. However, recent years have indicated a stagnation or slight downturn, with solar energy gradually increasing, but overall biofuel contribution has seen a decline, particularly recently in 2025. This historical insight suggests that a more consistent and robust strategy focusing on nuclear and solar expansion could secure a more resilient low-carbon electricity future for Estonia.
Electrification
We estimate the degree of electrification by comparing electricity and total energy emissions. More about methodology.